10 Oppositional Defiant Disorder Symptoms
Symptom #9: Spiteful and Vindictive
A person who is spiteful purposefully delivers words or performs actions in a way to hurt or annoy another individual. It can also be defined as actions that inflict a cost on another. Some researchers have reported that individuals with higher levels of spitefulness are also more likely to display psychopathy, narcissism, and aggression.
The term “vindictive” can be explained as having a strong desire for revenge. A vindictive individual can be said to be vengeful, grudge bearing, bitter, or more. Hallmarks or characteristics of patients with oppositional defiant disorder are spiteful or vindictive behavior.
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