Coughing Up Blood (Hemoptysis)
- 1. 'Learn About Cough.' American Lung Association, www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/warning-signs-of-lung-disease/cough/learn-about-cough.
- 2. 'Coughing up Blood.' Mount Sinai Health System, www.mountsinai.org/health-library/symptoms/coughing-up-blood.
- 3. Coughing Up Blood By Rebecca Dezube, et al. 'Coughing Up Blood - Lung and Airway Disorders. Merck Manuals Consumer Version, Merck Manuals, www.merckmanuals.com/home/lung-and-airway-disorders/symptoms-of-lung-disorders/coughing-up-blood.
- 4. NHS Choices, NHS, www.nhs.uk/conditions/coughing-up-blood/.
- 5. 'Coughing up Blood Causes.' Mayo Clinic, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 7 Apr. 2018, www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/coughing-up-blood/basics/causes/sym-20050934.
- 6. Rull, Dr Gurvinder. 'Coughing Up Blood (Haemoptysis): Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment.' Patient.info, 23 Nov. 2017, patient.info/chest-lungs/cough-leaflet/coughing-up-blood-haemoptysis.
- 7. 'Coughing Up Blood (Hemoptysis): Causes, Tests & Diagnosis, Treatment.' Cleveland Clinic, my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/17696-coughing-up-blood.
5. Idiopathic Causes of Hemoptysis
Sometimes, despite thorough examination and testing, doctors can't determine the reason the person coughed up blood. This is known as idiopathic hemoptysis, and it occurs in one out of eight cases. Doctors diagnose idiopathic hemoptysis by ruling out other causes for coughing up blood.
Some idiopathic cases may be attributed to the bursting of a small blood vessel that bleeds for a short time, and the symptom may never arise again. Other idiopathic cases may have other causes that remain unidentified.6Rull, Dr Gurvinder. ‘Coughing Up Blood (Haemoptysis): Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment.’ Patient.info, 23 Nov. 2017, patient.info/chest-lungs/cough-leaflet/coughing-up-blood-haemoptysis.
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